Claims about a Tartarian empire in North America, checked against primary sources.
The "Tartarian Empire" theory holds that a vast, advanced civilization once spanned the globe, including North America, and was erased in the 1800s: its people killed or put in institutions, its grand buildings taken over, and its wealth seized. The idea grew out of Anatoly Fomenko and Gleb Nosovsky's Russian "New Chronology," which claims the American Revolution was really a war over the "American lands of the Moscow Tartary." Since about 2016 it has spread widely online through videos about old buildings, world's fairs and "mud floods."
The earliest printed "Mongol/Tartar conquest of America" book, linking mounds and "giants.".
The first atlas map of Tartary; shows California across the imaginary Strait of Anián.
The major Spanish survey of origin theories, including Tartar migration via Anián.
The first narrative crossing of the Southwest, featuring the African Estevanico.
The design manual behind Kirkbride asylums; specifies raised basements.
An early New England account calling Native peoples Tartar-descended.
A missionary's account; explains "Tartar" as the Qing dynasty.
The first Legislature's mining tax and Indian indenture law.
A popular travel book arguing a Tartar/Chinese origin.
The much-cited entry; a short geographic definition.
Documents pre-Marshall gold at San Fernando (1842).
Query XI on Native origins via the Bering region.
Official deposit tables for California gold.
Reports the Tartar theory and rejects it.